Introduction to test.check
test.check is a tool for writing property-based tests. This differs from traditional unit-testing, where you write individual test-cases. With test.check you write universal quantifications, properties that should hold true for all input. For example, for all vectors, reversing the vector should preserve the count. Reversing it twice should equal the input. In this guide, we’ll cover the thought process for coming up with properties, as well as the practice of writing the tests themselves.
A simple example
First, let’s start with an example, suppose we want to test a sort function. It’s easy to come up with some trivial properties for our function, namely that the output should be in ascending order. We also might want to make sure that the count of the input is preserved. Our test might look like:
(require '[clojure.test.check :as tc]
'[clojure.test.check.generators :as gen]
'[clojure.test.check.properties :as prop #?@(:cljs [:include-macros true])])
(def property
(prop/for-all [v (gen/vector gen/small-integer)]
(let [s (sort v)]
(and (= (count v) (count s))
(or (empty? s)
(apply <= s))))))
;; test our property
(tc/quick-check 100 property)
;; => {:result true,
;; => :pass? true,
;; => :num-tests 100,
;; => :time-elapsed-ms 90,
;; => :seed 1528578896309}
What if we were to forget to actually sort our vector? The test will fail, and then test.check will try and find ‘smaller’ inputs that still cause the test to fail. For example, the function might originally fail with input: [5 4 2 2 2], but test.check will shrink this down to [0 -1] (or [1 0]).
(def bad-property
(prop/for-all [v (gen/vector gen/small-integer)]
(or (empty? v) (apply <= v))))
(tc/quick-check 100 bad-property)
;; => {:num-tests 6,
;; => :seed 1528579035247,
;; => :fail [[-2 -4 -4 -3]],
;; => :failed-after-ms 1,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :failing-size 5,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :shrunk
;; => {:total-nodes-visited 16,
;; => :depth 4,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :time-shrinking-ms 1,
;; => :smallest [[0 -1]]}}
This process of shrinking is done automatically, even for our more complex generators that we write ourselves.
Generators
In order to write our property, we’ll use generators. A generator knows how to generate random values for a specific type. The test.check.generators namespace has many built-in generators, as well as combinators for creating your own new generators. You can write sophisticated generators just by combining the existing generators with the given combinators. As we write generators, we can see them in practice with the sample function:
(require '[clojure.test.check.generators :as gen])
(gen/sample gen/small-integer)
;; => (0 1 -1 0 -1 4 4 2 7 1)
we can ask for more samples:
(gen/sample gen/small-integer 20)
;; => (0 1 1 0 2 -4 0 5 -7 -8 4 5 3 11 -9 -4 6 -5 -3 0)
or get a lazy-seq of values:
(take 1 (gen/sample-seq gen/small-integer))
;; => (0)
You may notice that as you ask for more values, the ‘size’ of the generated values increases. As test.check generates more values, it increases the ‘size’ of the generated values. This allows tests to fail early, for simple values, and only increase the size as the test continues to pass.
Compound generators
Some generators take other generators as arguments. For example the vector and list generator:
(gen/sample (gen/vector gen/nat))
;; => ([] [] [1] [1] [] [] [5 6 6 2 0 1] [3 7 5] [2 0 0 6 2 5 8] [9 1 9 3 8 3 5])
(gen/sample (gen/list gen/boolean))
;; => (() () (false) (false true false) (false true) (false true true true) (true) (false false true true) () (true))
(gen/sample (gen/map gen/keyword gen/boolean) 5)
;; => ({} {:z false} {:k true} {:v8Z false} {:9E false, :3uww false, :2s true})
Sometimes we’ll want to create heterogeneous collections. The tuple generator allows us to do this:
(gen/sample (gen/tuple gen/nat gen/boolean gen/ratio))
;; => ([0 false 0] [1 false 0] [0 false 2] [0 false -1/3] [1 true 2] [1 false 0] [2 false 3/5] [3 true -1] [3 true -5/3] [6 false 9/5])
Generator combinators
There are several generator combinators, we’ll take a look at fmap, such-that and bind.
fmap
fmap allows us to create a new generator by applying a function to the values generated by another generator. Let’s say we want to to create a set of natural numbers. We can create a set by calling set on a vector. So let’s create a vector of natural numbers (using the nat generator), and then use fmap to call set on the values:
(gen/sample (gen/fmap set (gen/vector gen/nat)))
;; => (#{} #{1} #{1} #{3} #{0 4} #{1 3 4 5} #{0 6} #{3 4 5 7} #{0 3 4 5 7} #{1 5})
Imagine you have a record, that has a convenience creation function, foo. You can create random foos by generating the types of the arguments to foo with tuple, and then using (fmap foo (tuple ...)).
such-that
such-that allows us to create a generator that passes a predicate. Imagine we wanted to generate non-empty lists, we can use such-that to filter out empty lists:
(gen/sample (gen/such-that not-empty (gen/list gen/boolean)))
;; => ((true) (true) (false) (true false) (false) (true) (false false true true) (false) (true) (false))
bind
bind allows us to create a new generator based on the value of a previously created generator. For example, say we wanted to generate a vector of keywords, and then choose a random element from it, and return both the vector and the random element. bind takes a generator, and a function that takes a value from that generator, and creates a new generator.
(def keyword-vector (gen/such-that not-empty (gen/vector gen/keyword)))
(def vec-and-elem
(gen/bind keyword-vector
(fn [v] (gen/tuple (gen/elements v) (gen/return v)))))
(gen/sample vec-and-elem 4)
;; => ([:va [:va :b4]] [:Zu1 [:w :Zu1]] [:2 [:2]] [:27X [:27X :KW]])
This allows us to build quite sophisticated generators.
Record generators
Let’s go through an example of generating random values of our own defrecords. Let’s create a simple user record:
(defrecord User [user-name user-id email active?])
;; recall that a helper function is automatically generated
;; for us
(->User "reiddraper" 15 "reid@example.com" true)
;; #user.User{:user-name "reiddraper",
;; :user-id 15,
;; :email "reid@example.com",
;; :active? true}
We can use the ->User helper function to construct our user. First, let’s look at the generators we’ll use for the arguments. For the user-name, we can just use an alphanumeric string, user IDs will be natural numbers, we’ll construct our own simple email generator, and we’ll use booleans to denote whether the user account is active. Let’s write a simple email address generator:
(def domain (gen/elements ["gmail.com" "hotmail.com" "computer.org"]))
(def email-gen
(gen/fmap (fn [[name domain-name]]
(str name "@" domain-name))
(gen/tuple (gen/not-empty gen/string-alphanumeric) domain)))
(last (gen/sample email-gen))
;; => "CW6161Q6@hotmail.com"
To put it all together, we’ll use fmap to call our record constructor, and tuple to create a vector of the arguments:
(def user-gen
(gen/fmap (partial apply ->User)
(gen/tuple (gen/not-empty gen/string-alphanumeric)
gen/nat
email-gen
gen/boolean)))
(last (gen/sample user-gen))
;; => #user.User{:user-name "kWodcsE2",
;; :user-id 1,
;; :email "r2ed3VE@computer.org",
;; :active? true}
Recursive generators
NOTE: Writing recursive generators was significantly simplified in version 0.5.9. For the old way, see the 0.5.8 documentation.
Writing recursive, or tree-shaped generators is easy using gen/recursive-gen. recursive-gen takes two arguments, a compound generator, and a scalar generator. We’ll start with a simple example, and then move into something more complex. First, let’s generate a nested vector of booleans. So our compound generator will be gen/vector and our scalar will be gen/boolean:
(def nested-vector-of-boolean (gen/recursive-gen gen/vector gen/boolean))
(last (gen/sample nested-vector-of-boolean 20))
;; => [[[true] true] [[] []]]
Now, let’s make our own, JSON-like generator. We’ll allow gen/list and gen/map as our compound types and gen/small-integer and gen/boolean as our scalar types. Since recursive-gen only accepts one of each type of generator, we’ll combine our compound types with a simple function, and the two scalars with gen/one-of.
(def compound (fn [inner-gen]
(gen/one-of [(gen/list inner-gen)
(gen/map inner-gen inner-gen)])))
(def scalars (gen/one-of [gen/small-integer gen/boolean]))
(def my-json-like-thing (gen/recursive-gen compound scalars))
(last (gen/sample my-json-like-thing 20))
;; =>
;; (()
;; {(false false) {true -3, false false, -7 1},
;; {4 -11, 1 -19} (false),
;; {} {1 6}})
And we see we got a list whose first element is the empty list. The second element is a map with int keys and values. Etc.
More Examples
Let’s say we’re testing a sort function. We want to check that that our sort function is idempotent, that is, applying sort twice should be equivalent to applying it once: (= (sort a) (sort (sort a))). Let’s write a quick test to make sure this is the case:
(require '[clojure.test.check :as tc])
(require '[clojure.test.check.generators :as gen])
(require '[clojure.test.check.properties :as prop #?@(:cljs [:include-macros true])])
(def sort-idempotent-prop
(prop/for-all [v (gen/vector gen/small-integer)]
(= (sort v) (sort (sort v)))))
(tc/quick-check 100 sort-idempotent-prop)
;; => {:result true,
;; => :pass? true,
;; => :num-tests 100,
;; => :time-elapsed-ms 28,
;; => :seed 1528580707376}
In prose, this test reads: for all vectors of integers, v, sorting v is equal to sorting v twice.
What happens if our test fails? test.check will try and find ‘smaller’ inputs that still fail. This process is called shrinking. Let’s see it in action:
(def prop-sorted-first-less-than-last
(prop/for-all [v (gen/not-empty (gen/vector gen/small-integer))]
(let [s (sort v)]
(< (first s) (last s)))))
(tc/quick-check 100 prop-sorted-first-less-than-last)
;; => {:num-tests 5,
;; => :seed 1528580863556,
;; => :fail [[-3]],
;; => :failed-after-ms 1,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :failing-size 4,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :shrunk
;; => {:total-nodes-visited 5,
;; => :depth 2,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :time-shrinking-ms 1,
;; => :smallest [[0]]}}
This test claims that the first element of a sorted vector should be less-than the last. Of course, this isn’t true: the test fails with input [-3], which gets shrunk down to [0], as seen in the output above. As your test functions require more sophisticated input, shrinking becomes critical to being able to understand exactly why a random test failed. To see how powerful shrinking is, let’s come up with a contrived example: a function that fails if it’s passed a sequence that contains the number 42:
(def prop-no-42
(prop/for-all [v (gen/vector gen/small-integer)]
(not (some #{42} v))))
(tc/quick-check 100 prop-no-42)
;; => {:num-tests 45,
;; => :seed 1528580964834,
;; => :fail
;; => [[-35 -9 -31 12 -30 -40 36 36 25 -2 -31 42 8 31 17 -19 3 -15 44 -1 -8 27 16]],
;; => :failed-after-ms 11,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :failing-size 44,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :shrunk
;; => {:total-nodes-visited 16,
;; => :depth 5,
;; => :pass? false,
;; => :result false,
;; => :result-data nil,
;; => :time-shrinking-ms 1,
;; => :smallest [[42]]}}
We see that the test failed on a rather large vector, as seen in the :fail key. But then test.check was able to shrink the input down to [42], as seen in the keys [:shrunk :smallest].
To learn more, check out the documentation links.
clojure.test Integration
The macro clojure.test.check.clojure-test/defspec allows you to succinctly write properties that run under the clojure.test runner, for example:
(defspec first-element-is-min-after-sorting ;; the name of the test
100 ;; the number of iterations for test.check to test
(prop/for-all [v (gen/not-empty (gen/vector gen/small-integer))]
(= (apply min v)
(first (sort v)))))
ClojureScript
ClojureScript support was added in version 0.7.0.
Integrating with cljs.test is via the clojure.test.check.clojure-test/defspec macro, in the same fashion as integration with clojure.test on the jvm.
Check out page two for more examples of using generators in practice.